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Stochastic stress-induced birefringence in plastic spoons left in the hot sun was visualized via polarization-filtered staining. The ladle is placed between a pair of parallel polarizer sheets in an open-gate arrangement, with a parchment paper backing to act as a diffuser for sunlight illumination. Credit: Aaron Slepkov, University of Trent Light polarization supports the latest technological innovations, including 3D cinema and LCD. In LCDs, small, electronically controllable liquid crystal elements are sandwiched between the polarizers. If, on the other hand, other transparent polarization-altering films—such as plastic gift wrap and wrapping tape—are placed between a set of polarizers, a polarizing filtered color array can be observed. In American Journal of Physics Aaron Slepkov, of Trent University in Canada, explores the physics of how these colors appear, how they can be controlled, and why subtle changes in viewing angles, s

Biology is rich in patterns. You’ll find them everywhere – from the number of petals (which generally correspond to the number in the Fibonacci sequence), to the number of vertebrae in mammals (giraffes, humans, and quokkas all have seven neck vertebrae). In fact, many viruses follow patterns and have symmetry in their shells. Mathematics is essentially the science of patterns. Patterns can be subtle. So without using math to formally explain and understand it, we can skip it entirely. For a long time, biological research has largely progressed without the sophisticated mathematical modeling that is now at the core of physics, engineering, and climate. But this is changing. Mathematical biology is a growing field that promises to revolutionize microbiology, biotechnology, evolutionary biology and healthcare. With mathematics, scientific breakthroughs that previously required years of trial and error (and tons of trash) can be achieved in a very short time. Here are some of the r