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Researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have described the way enzymes and proteins interact to maintain protective coverings, called telomeres, at the ends of chromosomes, a new insight into how human cells maintain the integrity of their DNA through repeated cell division. . DNA replication is critical to sustaining life as we know it, but much of the complexity of the process — how myriad biomolecules get to where they need to be and interact through a series of intricately orchestrated steps — remains a mystery. From left, Qixiang He, Ci Ji Lim, Xiuhua Lin. “The mechanism behind how this enzyme, called Polα-primase, works has been elusive for decades,” said Ci Ji Lim, assistant professor of biochemistry and principal investigator on a new study on DNA replication published recently in Nature. “Our study provides a major breakthrough in understanding DNA synthesis at the ends of chromosomes, and generates new hypotheses about how Polα-primase – the main...

Nanoscientists and theoretical physicists at EMBL Australia’s Node in Single Molecule Science UNSW Medicine & Health have teamed up to uncover the intricate mechanisms that govern how quickly two matched DNA strands can fully unite – or hybridize – to form double-stranded DNA. Their findings were published in the journal Nucleic Acids Research. A theory was put forward about 50 years ago that hypothesized that how fast a DNA strand hybridizes is determined by the initial contact that leads to further binding of the matching base strand to the DNA strand – called nucleation interactions. Until now, this theory has never been proven due to the many complexities surrounding DNA biology. “There are a large number of pathways by which two completely separate strands can bind to each other. Standing DNA doesn’t come together into a fully hybridized duplex in an instant. At some point, only two or three base pairs will spontaneously combine. This is a nu...

Over the past 10 years, researchers led by FU Qiaomei of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) have used ancient DNA (aDNA) technology to explore the history of ancient human populations, especially those in East Asia. . As part of their effort, the researchers reconstructed the entire genomes of two extinct groups of ancient humans—Neanderthals and Denisovans; map the history of migration and global population interactions; uncover the genetic structure of the oldest East Asian people; reveal adaptive genetic changes in East Asian Ice Age populations; and traces the formation of population patterns in northern and southern China and the origins of Austronesian populations in southern China. Recently, the FU team reviewed the development history of aDNA technology, discussed current technical barriers and solutions, and assessed the future of the technology. The study was published in Cell on July 21. The main...

Penguins are no strangers to climate change. Their life history has been shaped by fluctuations in temperature, and their bodies are highly specialized for some of the most extreme conditions on Earth. However, scientists fear the penguin’s evolutionary path may have stalled, thanks to the lowest evolutionary rate ever detected in birds. An international team of researchers has just published one of the most comprehensive studies on penguin evolution to date, which is the first to integrate data from living and fossil penguin species. The research reveals a general chaotic penguin life history, with three-quarters of all known penguin species – now represented only by fossils – already extinct. “Over 60 million years, this iconic bird has evolved into a highly specialized marine predator, and is now well-adapted in some of the most extreme environments on Earth,” the authors wrote. “However, as their evolutionary history reveals, they now stand as guardians high...

DNA from fossils unearthed in southern China dating back 14,000 years suggest that Native Americans had East Asian roots Fossils found in China suggest Native Americans may have genetic roots in East Asia The data will help us understand ‘how humans change their physical appearance by adapting to local environments over time,’ said study co-author Bing Su. By Christopher Carbone For Dailymail.Com Published: 11:31 a.m. EDT, 14 July 2022 | Updated: 11:32 am EDT, 14 July 2022 DNA from ancient fossils in southern China has revealed that Native Americans may have roots in East Asia. Scientists compared the genetic information of Late Pleistocene-era fossils with the genetic information of humans around the world. They found that the bones belonged to someone closely related to the ancestors of Native Americans in East Asia. Archaeologists have successfully sequenced the fossil genome. Scroll down for the video ...

The researchers definitively linked the function of a protein-specific domain important in plant microbial biology to cancer triggers in humans, knowledge that scientists have avoided for decades. Team findings, published in natural Communication Biology, opens new avenues for the development of selective drug therapies to fight various types of cancer, such as cancers that start in the breast and stomach. ORNL scientists set out to experimentally prove what they first concluded with a computational study: that the plasminogen-apple-nematode, or PAN, domain is associated with cell proliferation that promotes tumor growth in humans and defense signaling during plant-microbial interactions in plant-bioenergy. plant. This association was first made when researchers were exploring the genomes of plants such as poplars and willows. Read also: Cancer drug that could potentially treat muscular dystrophy In the latest study, the ORNL team demonstrate...

Human immunodeficiency virus 1, more commonly known as HIV-1, is known for its remarkable ability to evade the immune system. Scientists at Scripps Research and collaborators have now discovered how our innate immune system – the body’s first line of defense against foreign invaders – detects HIV-1, even when the virus is present in very small amounts. His findings, published on July 8, 2022, in molecular cell , revealing a two-step molecular strategy that jolts the innate immune response into action upon exposure to HIV-1. These discoveries could impact the development of drugs for HIV treatments and vaccines, as well as shape our understanding of how the innate immune response is involved in other areas – including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s. “This study illustrates how the immune system can recognize a very cryptic virus, and then activate a downstream cascade that leads to immunological activation,” said Sumit Chanda, PhD, professor in ...