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Skeletal muscles are an important part of your musculoskeletal system. They serve a variety of functions. Among the many functions performed by skeletal muscles, one of them is maintaining our posture. On Earth, the musculoskeletal system must support the body’s weight, and the bones and postural muscles are permanently burdened by gravity. But what happens to these muscles when they have no gravity to resist? This question is a topic of interest to many scientists. Recently, a team of scientists from Japan set out to find the answer. They study the response of neuromuscular properties to gravitational unloading and share research-based insights into how astronauts can avoid neuromuscular problems during extended spaceflight. The group explored how the morphological, functional and metabolic properties of the neuromuscular system adapt to reduced anti-gravity activity. Using human and rodent simulation models, they first investigated how afferent and efferent motoneuron activity

Summary: Researchers reveal how astronauts can avoid the neuromuscular problems that occur as a result of extended space travel. Source: Doshisha University Among the many functions performed by skeletal muscles, one of them is maintaining our posture. If it weren’t for these muscles, the gravitational pull of the earth might make it difficult for us to get up and walk. The group of muscles—mostly in our legs, back and neck—that are responsible for maintaining posture and allowing us to move against the force of gravity are called ‘anti-gravity’ muscles. But what happens to these muscles when there is no gravity (or “unloading” force of gravity) to counteract them? That question may sound silly to some, but not to an astronaut on the International Space Station (ISS)! In space, where gravity is minimal, our muscles (especially anti-gravity ones) are not used much, which can lead to atrophy and changes in their structure and properties. In fact, human calf muscles are known to decre

Japanese researchers have released plans to recreate Earth’s gravity level on the moon. The effort aims to support plans by the United States and other countries to build long-term bases for humans on the moon. The low gravity on the moon will affect the humans living there in important ways. The American space agency NASA notes that the gravity on the moon’s surface is one-sixth the gravity we experience on Earth. How to “make” gravity Designers working on plans to recreate Earth’s level of gravity, known as “1 g,” on the moon proposed the use of a centrifugal system. Centrifugal force is created by circular motion. The centrifuge rotates very fast to force the material in it away from the center or axis point, NASA explains. This planned system will create false gravity in the enclosed space on the lunar surface. The project is a partnership between researchers at Japan’s Kyoto University and engineers at Japanese building company Kajima. The researchers say the centrifugal sys

by Indranil Banik, Postdoctoral Researcher in Astrophysics, University of St Andrews 10 July 2022 Dark matter has been proposed to explain why stars at the far end of galaxies can move faster than Newton thought. An alternative theory of gravity may be a better explanation. Using Newton’s laws of physics, we can model the motion of the planets in the solar system with complete accuracy. However, in the early 1970s, scientists discovered that it didn’t work for him. Disc galaxies The stars on their outer edges, away from the gravitational force of all matter at their center, are moving much faster than Newton’s theory predicted. As a result, physicists suggest that the invisible substance called “dark matter” exerts an additional gravitational pull, causing the star to accelerate — a widely accepted theory. However, in a recent review my colleagues and I suggested that observations at multiple scales are much better explained in an alternative theory of gravity called Milgromian or

By Indranil Banik, Postdoctoral Researcher from Astrophysics, University of St Andrews 10 July 2022 Dark matter is proposed to explain why stars at the far edges of galaxies can move faster than Newton predicted. An alternative theory of gravity may be a better explanation. Using Newton’s laws of physics, we can model the motion of the planets in the Solar System quite accurately. However, in the early 1970s, scientists discovered that this did not work for disk galaxies – the stars at their outer edges, away from the gravitational force of all matter at their centres – moving much faster than Newton’s theory predicted. As a result, physicists proposed that an invisible substance called “dark matter” exerted an extra gravitational pull, causing the stars to accelerate – a theory that became widely accepted. However, in a recent review, my colleagues and I suggested that observations at multiple scales are much better explained in an alternative theory of gravity called Milgromian o

We can model the motion of the planets in the Solar System quite accurately using Newton’s laws of physics. But in the early 1970s, scientists noticed that this didn’t work for disk galaxies — the stars on their outer edges, away from the gravitational force of all matter at their center — moving much faster than Newton’s theory predicted. This led physicists to propose that an invisible substance called “dark matter” exerts an extra gravitational pull, causing the stars to accelerate – a theory that has become very popular. However, in a recent review, my colleagues and I suggested that observations at multiple scales are much better explained in an alternative theory of gravity proposed by Israeli physicist Mordehai Milgrom in 1982 called Milgromian or Mond dynamics – requiring no material not visible. Mond’s main postulate is that when gravity becomes very weak, as it does at the edges of galaxies, it begins to behave differently from Newtonian physics. In this way, it is possibl