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Observing the birth of the first stars and galaxies has been the goal of astronomers for decades. This will explain the evolution of the universe. The Cambridge University team has created a technique that allows them to see and study the first stars through the hydrogen cloud that covered the universe some 378,000 years after the Big Bang. Their methodology, part of the REACH (Radio Experiment for the Analysis of Cosmic Hydrogen) experiment, will improve the quality and reliability of observations from radio telescopes that see this important new time in the Universe’s development. Dr. Eloy de Lera Acedo of Cambridge Cavendish Laboratory, lead author of the paper, said, “By the time the first stars formed, the Universe was largely empty and made up mostly of hydrogen and helium. Due to gravity, the elements eventually came together due to gravity, and the conditions were just right for nuclear fusion, which formed the first stars. But they are surrounded by a cloud called ne...

During the embryonic stage of brain development, some neurons and synapses are well formed and connected, but others are not, causing some parts and parts to be discarded. This leaves dead or dying cells and requires the central nervous system to employ some kind of cleaning crew. Microglial cells take up the challenge, “swallow” waste, and are therefore essential for brain development. However, scientists don’t have a full understanding of how they populate the brain. A recent paper in Nature Neuroscience by University of Notre Dame biologist Cody J. Smith shows how lymphatics – which remove waste from other parts of the body – are also linked to microglia and brain development in zebrafish. “Microglia, we know, are born outside the brain but somehow have to enter the brain during development, which is called colonization,” said Smith, Elizabeth and Michael Gallagher Associate Professor in the Department of Biological Sciences. “We know that in h...

12 July 2022 12:30 Genetic defects that lead to abnormal inflammation in the hands, hips, knees, and other joints may help explain why some people are more prone to developing severe osteoarthritis than others, according to scientists from the University of Utah Health. Photo credit: Getty Images An overactive inflammatory response can trigger the most common form of arthritis A newly detected defect in a genetic signaling pathway that leads to a hyperactive inflammatory response could help explain why some people are more prone to developing severe osteoarthritis than others, according to University of Utah Health scientists. They say the discovery could eventually lead to ways to detect early onset of the disease—even before symptoms appear—and the development of new treatments for the disease. The findings, among the first to suggest that an increased inflammatory response is a major risk factor in osteoarthritis, appear in the Annals of the Rheumatic Disea...

But there’s an equal, if not better, argument for enjoying your breakfast and early dinner. Eat by design Humans were created to be active and eat in the light and rest and fast in the dark. As the sun goes down, our melatonin rises, usually peaking a few hours before bedtime. “This is a signal for our bodies to sleep and every time someone eats when melatonin is high, you tend to see worse metabolic reactions,” explains Sean Cain, an expert on circadian rhythms from Monash University. “This is part of the reason why there is more metabolic disease in shift workers who eat more at night and less during the day… We shouldn’t eat when we have high melatonin levels.” Heilbronn adds that our bodies are better equipped to metabolize food in the morning. “If you eat at 7 in the morning, the pancreas secretes more insulin, the cells are better able to take up glucose, you have a smaller glucose response than eating the exact same food at 7 p.m....

People often think that early embryos are fragile and need support. However, in the early stages of development, it has the power to feed the future placenta and command the uterus for nesting. Using the ‘blastoid’, an in vitro embryo model formed with stem cells, Nicolas Rivron’s Lab at IMBA demonstrated that the earliest molecular signals that induce placental development and prepare the uterus come from the embryo itself. The findings, now published in Cell Stem Cell, could contribute to a better understanding of human fertility. Who took care of whom in early life? The placenta and uterus nourish and protect the fetus. But the situation at an early stage of development, when the blastocyst is still afloat in the uterus, is so far unclear. Now, Nicolas Rivron’s group of researchers at IMBA (Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences) discovered the basic principles of early development using blastoids. The blastoid is an in ...