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Using data collected more than two decades ago, scientists from the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland, have compiled the first complete map of hydrogen abundance on the Moon’s surface. The map identifies two types of enhanced hydrogen-containing lunar material and corroborates previous ideas about lunar hydrogen and water, including the finding that water likely played a role in the formation and solidification of the Moon’s native ocean-magma. David Lawrence, Patrick Peplowski and Jack Wilson of APL, along with Rick Elphic of NASA’s Ames Research Center, used orbital neutron data from the Lunar Prospector mission to create their map. The probe, deployed by NASA in 1998, orbited the Moon for a year and a half and sent back the first direct evidence of an increase in hydrogen at the lunar poles, before hitting the lunar surface. When a star explodes, it releases cosmic rays, or high-energy protons and neutrons that travel through space at nearly the sp

“These results help us refine a systematic network map that can serve as an instruction manual on how human immune cells function and how we can engineer them to our advantage,” said Alex Marson MD, PhD, director of the Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology and senior author of the new study, published in Natural Genetics . The study, which was carried out in collaboration with Jonathan Pritchard PhD, professor of genetics and biology at Stanford School of Medicine, is also important for better understanding how variations in a person’s genes are related to the risk of autoimmune diseases. Immunity Insights from CRISPR Researchers know that when the immune system’s T cells—white blood cells that can fight infection and cancer—become active, the levels of thousands of proteins in the cells change. They also know that many proteins are interconnected so that a change in the level of one protein can cause a change in the level of another. Scientists represent the relationship be

Using new technology to study thousands of genes simultaneously in immune cells, researchers at the Gladstone Institutes, UC San Francisco (UCSF), and the Stanford School of Medicine have created the most detailed map of how complex networks of genes function together. New insights into how these genes relate to one another shed light on the basic drivers of immune cell function and immune disease. “These results help us refine a systematic network map that can serve as an instruction manual for how human immune cells function and how we can engineer them to our advantage,” says Alex Marson, MD, PhD, director of the Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology and senior author. from the new study, published in Nature Genetics. The study, carried out in collaboration with Jonathan Pritchard, PhD, professor of genetics and biology at Stanford School of Medicine, is also important for better understanding how a person’s gene variation is linked to the risk of autoimmune disease. Immun