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Macrophages are key cells of our innate immune response. By filling up almost all the tissues in our body, these cells have an important role in keeping our organs in a healthy state, as they are constantly removing dead cells or eliminating microbes invading tissues. As cells that specialize in eating and devouring, macrophages are very well adapted to take in, digest, and destroy foreign materials. However, certain microorganisms and bacteria such as Salmonella have developed strategies to protect themselves from ingesting macrophages, causing severe typhoid infection and inflammation. Scientists from the MPI of Immunobiology and Epigenetics in Freiburg now report in their latest study published in the scientific journal Natural Metabolism how inter-organelle crosstalk between phago-lysosomes and mitochondria limits the growth of these bacteria in macrophages. Signals from digestive cell organelles The interior of a macrophage, like most other cells, is divided into different com

Melbourne-based research has led to the creation of a self-calibrated photonic chip. Research led by Monash University and RMIT in Melbourne has found a way to replace bulky 3D optics with silicon chips. “We have demonstrated a self-calibrating self-programmable photonic filter chip featuring a signal processing core and an integrated reference path for self-calibration,” explains Monash University’s ARC-winning lead researcher Professor Arthur Lowery. “Self-calibration is very important because it makes tunable photonic integrated circuits useful in the real world; applications include optical communication systems that redirect signals to destinations based on their color, very fast similarity calculations (correlators), scientific instrumentation for chemical or biological analysis, and even astronomy. “Electronics saw a similar improvement in radio filter stability using digital techniques, which led to many phones being able to share the same slice of spectrum: our optical chips h