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Real-time video recording an 8×6-inch stretch of structural color pattern featuring a wreath in homage to the work of 19th century physicist Gabriel Lippmann. Real-time video recording an 8×6-inch stretch of structural color pattern featuring a wreath in homage to the work of 19th century physicist Gabriel Lippmann. The bright colors in butterfly wings or beetle shells come not from any pigment molecules, but from how they are structured—a naturally occurring example of what physicists call photonic crystals. Scientists can manufacture their own structurally colored materials in the laboratory, but it can be a challenge to scale up the process for commercial applications without compromising optical precision. Now MIT scientists have adapted 19th-century holographic photography techniques to develop a chameleon-like film that changes color when stretched. This method can be easily scaled while maintaining nanoscale optical precision. They describe their work in a new pap

A group of researchers have succeeded in converting methane to methanol using a light, dispersed transition metal such as copper in a process known as photooxidation. According to an article reporting on research published in Chemical Communications, the reaction is the best obtained to date for the conversion of methane gas to liquid fuel under ambient temperature and pressure conditions (25 °C and 1 bar, respectively). The term bar as a unit of pressure comes from the Greek word for weight (baros). One bar is equivalent to 100,000 Pascals (100 kPa), which is very close to the standard atmospheric pressure at sea level (101,325 Pa). The results of this study are an important step in making natural gas available as an energy source for the production of alternative fuels other than gasoline and diesel. Although natural gas is considered a fossil fuel, its conversion to methanol produces less carbon dioxide (CO2) than other liquid fuels in the same category. In Brazil, methanol plays

Since the 1800s, scientists have noted the configuration of the centromere, a special region of chromosomes essential for cell division, in the nucleus. To date, however, the determination mechanism and biological significance of the centromere distribution is poorly understood. A team led by researchers from the University of Tokyo and their collaborators recently proposed a two-step regulatory mechanism that forms the distribution of centromeres. Their findings also suggest that the configuration of the centromere in the nucleus plays a role in maintaining genome integrity. The results were published in Natural Plants . During the process of cell division, special chromosomal domains called centromeres are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. Once the cell division is complete and the cell nucleus is built, the centromeres are distributed spatially in the nucleus. If the distribution of the centromeres drawn to the two poles remained unchanged, the cell nucleus would have centro

This illustration represents the light-induced collapse of the nanoscale charge sequence in a 2D tantalum disulfide crystal (star shape) and the generation of a hidden metastable metal state (spherical). Credit: Frank Yi Gao The single-shot spectroscopy technique gives scientists a new understanding of the mysterious light-driven process. Harold “Doc” Edgerton, late MIT MIT stands for Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It is a prestigious private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts that was founded in 1861. It is organized into five Schools: architecture and planning; manipulation; humanities, arts, and social sciences; management; and science. MIT’s impact includes many scientific breakthroughs and technological advances. Their stated goal is to make a better world through education, research, and innovation. ” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{” attribute=””>MIT professor, developed high-speed strobe-flash photography in the 1960s that  allowed us to visuali

The chances of someone being killed by space junk falling from the sky might seem very slim. After all, no one has died from such accidents yet, although there have been cases of injuries and property damage. But given that we are launching more and more satellites, rockets and probes into space, do we need to start taking more serious risks? Frame Stock Footage/Shutterstock A new study, published in Nature Astronomy, has predicted the possible causality of the falling rocket parts over the next ten years. ADVERTISEMENT CONTINUE READING BELOW Every minute of every day, debris rains down on us from space – a danger we are almost completely unaware of. Microscopic particles from asteroids and comets scatter downward through the atmosphere to settle on Earth’s surface – adding up to about 40,000 tons of dust each year. While this is not a problem for us, such debris can damage spacecraft – as recently reported by the James Webb space telescope. Occasionally, larger samples arrive as m

Mammals can generate their own body heat and control their body temperature. This process is known as endothermic or warm-blooded. Scientists believe that may be the reason why mammals tend to dominate almost everything ecosystem . Warm-blooded mammals are more active than cold-blooded animals. They can live in different environments, from frozen poles to boiling deserts. And they breed faster. Soft tissue that will provide information about being warm or cold blooded is rare preserved in fossil . So paleontologists, or experts in the study of fossils, don’t know exactly when mammals evolved and turned into warm-blooded creatures. A group of scientists tried to answer that question in a study recently published in Natural . Ricardo Araújo is a paleontologist at the University of Lisbon. Araújo and a group of researchers proposed that the shape and size of inner ear structures called canals could be used to study body temperature. The movement of fluid through the ear canal helps

In a former gold mine a mile underground, inside a titanium tank filled with a rare liquefied gas, scientists have begun a search for what so far has not been able to find: dark matter. Scientists are pretty sure invisible objects make up most of the mass of the universe and say we wouldn’t be here without them – but they don’t know what they are. The race to solve this great mystery has taken one team to the depths beneath Lead, South Dakota. The question for scientists is basic, says Kevin Lesko, a physicist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. “What is this great place I live in? Right now, 95% of it is a mystery.” The idea is that a mile of dirt and rock, a giant tank, a second tank, and the world’s purest titanium will block out nearly all of the cosmic rays and particles that glide around – and penetrate – all of us every day. But dark matter particles, scientists say, can avoid all those obstacles. They hoped someone would fly into a vat of liquid xenon in the inner

The scientists found that a quarter of the progenitor cells in the testes were “killed” by phagocytes, despite the fact that these cells weren’t doing anything “wrong.” University of Haifa research has identified killer cells. A process involving the “killing” of newly generated living cells has been discovered for the first time in a recent study conducted at the University of Haifa. Research, described in a respectable journal Science Advances found that during the process of cellular differentiation in fruit flies, phagocytic cells consume and destroy healthy living cells. “We found that phagocytes can function as ‘killers.’ It is known that phagocytic cells engulf and dissolve dead cells, but we demonstrated for the first time that they also kill newly created normal cells. Basically we have characterized a novel mechanism of cell death. The more we know the mechanisms of cell death, the better we understand how to treat various diseases, especially cancer,” explains Professor

Lunar scientists think they’ve found the hottest spot on the Moon, as well as about 200 Goldilocks zones that are always close to San Francisco’s average temperature. The moon has wild temperature fluctuations, with parts of month heats up to 260 degrees Fahrenheit (127 degrees Celsius) during the day and drops to minus 280 F (minus 173 C) at night. But the 200 newly analyzed shading moon holes are always 63 F (17 C), meaning they’re perfect for humans to shelter from extreme temperatures. They can also protect astronauts from the dangers of the solar wind, micrometeorites, and cosmic rays . Some of those holes may lead to equally warm caves. These partially shady holes and dark caverns could be ideal for lunar bases, scientists say. “Surviving on a lunar night is very difficult because it requires a lot of energy, but being in these holes and caves almost completely eliminates that requirement,” Tyler Horvath, a doctoral student in planetary science at the University of California,

The largest shark in our oceans already has a reputation for being gentle giants, and it seems there are more than we ever realized. whale shark ( Typhoid rhino ) is a filter feeder, considered carefully combing the water for small animals such as krill. Among the litany of small swimmers they take are leafy greens made up of algae and other photosynthetic organisms. It’s unavoidable, but researchers wonder if this vegetation is just a garnish for carnivores, or if it provides the side salad needed to keep them swimming. Researchers examining dirt and skin samples identified what these 10-meter (32-foot) long sea hoovers were actually taking advantage of from the giant pool of water they breathed through their system. “The droppings suggest that they ate krill,” said University of Tasmania marine biologist Patti Virtue. “But they don’t metabolize much.” In contrast, whale sharks, which are true sharks with cartilage instead of bones, seem to extract nutrients from a lot of algae. “Th

Graphene scientists from The University of Manchester have created a new ‘nano-petri dish’ using a two-dimensional (2D) material to create a new method of observing how atoms move in a liquid. Published in the journal Nature, a team led by researchers based at the National Graphene Institute (NGI) used stacks of 2D materials such as graphene to trap liquids to better understand how the presence of liquids changes the behavior of solids. The team was able to capture images of a single atom ‘swimming’ in a liquid for the first time. These findings could have far-reaching implications for the future development of green technologies such as hydrogen production. When a solid surface comes into contact with a liquid, the two substances change their configuration in response to the proximity of the other. Such atomic-scale interactions at the solid-liquid interface regulate the behavior of batteries and fuel cells for clean electricity generation, as well as determine the efficiency of cle

Flying spider-monkey tree fern, scientifically known as Alsophila spinulosa is a species of tree fern widely distributed in Asia. Alsophila spinulosa . Image credit: Quanzi Li. Land plants evolved 470 million years ago from aquatic algae and have since changed terrestrial ecosystems. The body of land plants has undergone a series of developmental, biochemical and physiological adaptations, one of which is the emergence of vascular tissue. In seed plants, xylem, with thickened cell walls, provides stems with high water-conducting efficiency and strong structural support. Lignin is an important component of the secondary cell wall of xylem – it not only provides mechanical support in fiber cells but also forms a hydrophobic surface in vessels to aid water transport. Outside of seed plants, tree ferns—members of the order Cyatheales—are one of the few lineages that have tree-like trunks. This plant has high ornamental value and is considered a resource for natural products with pharmaceu

PD-1 dependent NK cell regulation of CD8 + T-cells. C57BL/6 mice were infected with an adenoviral vector encoding the HBV genome and treated with anti-NK1.1 (⍺NK) or isotype control antibodies prior to therapeutic vaccination. Intrahepatic lymphocytes were harvested 14 days after immunization. (A) Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of HBsAg mRNA extracted from the liver of infected mice. (B) Representative plot of CD8 + T-cells isolated from the spleen of CD45.2 PD-1KO or CD45.1 wild-type (WT) mice were transferred to recipients of opposite congenic mice one day before therapeutic vaccination. Examples of PD-1 and IFN . expressions you production in transferred PD-1KO and WT CD8+ T cells. *, pScience Translational Medicine (2022). DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abi4670 Scientists have found that the body’s own natural killer cells can suppress the immune benefits of therapeutic vaccines, a problem that can predispose to inoculation against ch

This uncommon genetic disease was found to be caused by variations in the gene encoding the Glutamate Ionotropic Receptor AMPA Type 1 Subunit protein. A new genetic disease slows children’s brain development. A new genetic disease that causes the brains of some children to grow abnormally and delay intellectual development has been discovered by scientists. Most people with this disease, which is still so new that it doesn’t have a name, struggle with significant learning challenges that negatively impact their quality of life. Changes in the gene coding for a protein known as Glutamate Ionotropic Receptor AMPA Type Subunit 1 (GRIA1) is the underlying cause of this unusual genetic disorder, according to an international team of researchers from the universities of Portsmouth, Southampton and Copenhagen. Variant discovery will assist clinicians in developing focused treatments to assist patients and their families and will pave the way for prenatal screening and diagnosis. The GRIA1 gen