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Depiction of Earth, first without an inner core; second, with a growing inner core, about 550 million years ago; third, with the outermost and innermost core, about 450 million years ago. University of Rochester researchers used paleomagnetism to determine these two important dates in the history of the inner core, which they believe restored the planet’s magnetic field just before the explosion of life on Earth. Credit: University of Rochester Illustration / Michael Osadciw New paleomagnetic research shows Earth’s dense core formed 550 million years ago and restored our planet’s magnetic field. The rotating molten iron in Earth’s outer core, which lies about 1,800 miles below our feet, produces our planet’s protective magnetic field, called the magnetosphere. Although this magnetic field is invisible, it is essential for life on Earth’s surface. That’s because the magnetosphere protects the planet from the solar wind—the stream of radiati...

While working out of a hotel room in Italy, astronaut Thomas Reiter orders a four-wheeled robot to retrieve rock from the surface of an active volcano on Sicily’s east coast, and he does so while role-playing as if he were in orbit. around the Moon. The four-day simulation is part of the European Space Agency’s (ESA) preparations for a future mission to the Moon, where it plans to land a rover on the lunar surface to collect rock samples. The rover, as part of the upcoming Artemis mission, will be guided by a team on Earth, as well as astronauts on Lunar Gateway, the planned space station that will orbit the Moon. Crawler Scouts walk around Mount Etna. (Gif: ESA) Although not the Moon, Mount Etna’s volcanic surface serves as an analogue to the Moon’s surface. The four-wheeled and two-armed Interact rover has been modified for rugged volcanic slopes, and explores rough terrain with two other rovers, Light Cruiser Units 1 and 2, belonging to the Germ...